In addition to the well known nationally competitive fellowships that require applicants to be endorsed by their institutions, there are many other national fellowships to which students can apply directly. Below is a sample - not a comprehensive list - of some of the most common direct apply fellowships.
Boren Scholarships and Fellowships - Boren Awards provide unique funding opportunities for U.S. undergraduate and graduate students to study in Africa, Asia, Central & Eastern Europe, Eurasia, Latin America, and the Middle East, where they can add important international and language components to their educations. http://www.borenawards.org
BUTEX North American Student Scholarships - provide funding for a semester or a year of undergraduate study in the United Kingdom. http://www.butex.ac.uk/
Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) program - CLS institutes provide fully-funded group-based intensive language instruction and structured cultural enrichment experiences for seven to ten weeks for U.S. citizen undergraduate and graduate students. http://www.clscholarship.org/applicants
DAAD Undergraduate Scholarships - Offers a wide range of highly selective scholarships, grants, and fellowships in Germany for U.S. and Canadian citizens. http://www.daad.org
(Kathryn) Davis Fellowships for Peace: Investing in the Study of Critical Languages - Merit-based fellowships intended for exceptionally qualified individuals with demonstrated interest in one or more of the followign areas: international, global, or area studies, international politics and economics, peace and security studies, and/or conflict resolution. Covers the full cost of language study from beginner to gradate in Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Japanese, Portuguese, and Russian at the Middlebury College Language Schools. http://www.middlebury.edu/ls/finaid/fellowships/kwd
Department of Homeland Security Undergraduate Fellowship Program - Intended for students interested in pursuing the basic science and technology innovations that can be applied to the DHS mission. Funding for undergraduate study in eligible fields and a 10 week summer internship.
http://orise.orau.gov/science-education/research-experiences/default.aspx
(Ernest F.) Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship Program - Financial assistance during the academic year and a 10 week paid summer internship. Eligible undergraduates studying oceanic, environmental, biological, and atmospheric sciences, mathematics, engineering, remote sensing technology, physical and social sciences including geography, physics, hydrology, geomatics, or teacher education that support NOAA's programs and mission are encouraged to apply. http://www.oesd.noaa.gov/Hollings_info.html
(Benjamin A.) Gilman International Scholarship Program - Provide funding for study abroad to undergraduates whose financial aid package includes a Pell grant. (US citizens)
http://www.iie.org/programs/gilman
Glamour Magazine Top 10 College Women - Open to junior women. The awards seeks to recognize women for leadership, academic excellence, and inspiring goals.
http://www.glamour.com/sex-love-life/2010/09/meet-the-top-10-college-women-of-2010-amazing-women-you-havent-heard-of-yet
Microsoft Undergraduate Scholarships - Provide full tuition for one year of undergraduate study and a summer internship to women, minorities, and students with disabilities, majoring in computer science or related disciplines. (Open to all nationalities.) http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/us/collegescholarship.aspx
NSEP David L. Boren Undergraduate Scholarships - Scholarships are intended to provide support to U.S. undergraduates who will pursue the study of languages and cultures currently underrepresented in study abroad and critical to U.S. national security. http://www.borenawards.org/program
National Center for Environmental Research: EPA Greater Research Opportunities- Open to sophomores. This fellowships provides the opportunity to work in an Environment Protection Agency lab and a scholarship towards tuition at Bowdoin for up to two years.
http://epa.gov/ncer/rfa/2011/2011_gro_undergrad.html#SUMMARY
National Institutes of Health Undergraduate Scholarships Program - Competitive scholarships for students from disadvantaged backgrounds who are committed to careers in biomedical, behavioral, and social science health related research. https://ugsp.nih.gov/home.asp?m=00
(Thomas R.) Pickering Foreign Affairs Fellowships - Provide funding for junior and senior year as well as graduate study for sophomores planning to pursue a graduate degree in international studies. Includes summer institute and domestic and overseas internships with the Department of State. Foreign Service commitment required.
http://www.woodrow.org/higher-education-fellowships/foreign_affairs/pickering_undergrad/index.php
(Thomas R.) Pickering Undergraduate Foreign Affairs Fellowship - (Sophomores only) Funding for junior and senior years of undergraduate study and first year of graduate study for U.S. citizens in fields related to international affairs, political and economic analysis, administration, management and science policy.
http://www.woodrow.org/higher-education-fellowships/foreign_affairs/pickering_undergrad/index.php
Public Policy and International Affairs Program (PPIA) - Prepares juniors, primarily from historically underrepresented groups, interested in public service, for careers in public policy, public administration or international affairs, or a related degree through summer programs and fellowships to support graduate study. (US citizens or permanent residents.) http://www.ppiaprogram.org
Rotary Foundation International Programs - Ambassadorial Scholarships - Support undergraduate study abroad at a university in any country in which there is a Rotary Club. (Open to all nationalities.) http://www.rotary.org
Teach and Learn in Korea (TaLK) Program - TaLK Scholars teach conversational English for one semester in rural Korean elementary schools. Program provides one-month orientation. No Korean language skills required. http://www.talk.go.kr/
SMART Grant - Sophomores and juniors majoring in the sciences, mathematics, or engineering. http://smart.asee.org/
Washington Center for Internships - provides internships in Washington D.C. to students interested in government. http://www.twc.edu/default.shtml
(Elie) Wiesel Prize in Ethics Essay Contest- competition designed to challenge college students to analyze the urgent ethical issues confronting them in today's complex world. Students are encouraged to write thought-provoking personal essays (3,000 to 4,000 words) that raise questions, single out issues and are rational arguments for ethical action. In addition to the honor that accompanies this prize, five monetary awards are given. http://www.eliewieselfoundation.org/prizeinethics.aspx