Explores the ways in which German culture popularized the ideas of ethnicity, nation, and communities in the 19th century. Considers literary fiction as well as philosophical, political, pedagogical and psychological writings and visual materials in their appropriate context. Materials examined respond to historical events and reflect upon life-altering conditions of exile and emigration, the advent of technology, and the rise of mass culture; they exemplify modes of representing reality that ultimately led to the aesthetic phenomenon labeled Realism. Authors include, among others, the Grimms, Busch, Nietzsche, Marx, Otto-Peters, Lewald, von Ebner-Eschenbach, Hoffmann, Heine, Herz, Storm, and Fontane, as well as many anonymous writers of the popular and emigrant press. Discussion, short analytical or interpretive papers are combined with an individual project, guest lectures, and the resources of art museum and the library’s special collection.